By Kritika Noparat

MEDIA PROFESSIONAL ETHICS and RELATED LAWS 140-371
by Kritika Noparat
Introducing the course: Basic knowledge of ethics,
1 Media professional ethics and related laws
2. Ethics, Concepts, Meaning 3. Importance and Professional Ethics of Media 4.Professional Ethics of Media Case Study 5. Professional Ethics of Online and Social Media Case Study 6.Professional Ethics of Digital Media, Social Responsibility Case Study 7.Concepts and Media Control Organizations in Foreign Countries and Thailand Case Study 8.Midterm Exam 9.Concepts, Meaning and Importance Laws Related to Media 10.Rights and Duties of Journalists Freedom of Journalists 11.Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) 12.Defamation Laws Laws Related to Violations 13.Consumer Protection Laws Food, Drugs and Others Related to Advertising Consumer Protection Laws 14.Copyright and the Media Copyright Act B.E. 2537 -Copyrighted Work -Acquisition of Copyright -Copyright Protection 15.Computer Act,Group Report Presentation, Seminar Summary, Analysis 16.Final Exaim 1.Student Exercises/ Individual/ Group Work Week 3 /5/7/9/11 10 points 2.Content Question-Answering, Presentation and Analysis Punctuality, Ethics and Responsibility Week 1-7/9-15 15 points 3.Continuous Learning Development/Study Behavior/Punctuality/Participation in Class Week 1-7/9-15 15 points Midterm Exam Week 8 30 points March Tuesday 4,2025 9.00-10.30 hr. Final Exam Week 17 30 points April Tuesday 29,2025 9.00-12.00 hr. Total 100 points ........................... JAN TUESDAY 14 , 2025 Course Description, Meaning, Importance
Basic knowledge of ethics
Black, Steele and Barney say that the word ethics comes from the Greek word ethos, which means a person's qualities or the way he or she acts that make him or her a good person. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with moral thinking, or thinking about moral problems, or making moral judgments.
It deals with what we "must do" (because it is our duty) or "should do". What obligations do we have to our fellow human beings? What should we do to make the world a better place? This is what we call "Doing Ethics," which is the art and skill of thinking rationally, with principles, and with consistency that is not easily distorted
Prof. Keerati Boonchuea said that there are two virtues in life: 1.Living for the others and commitment to a life of service to others. That is, to the point of being moral according to universal definition. 2. To work to overcome the barriers that divide us as human beings. Emphasize the universal virtue of love.
Prof. Keerati Boonchuea: The 7-bar Ethics Historical Dimension since 1976 states:Since when did humans begin to have a glimpse of moral consciousness? It is impossible to find evidence to confirm it with certainty at this time.
From observing the lives of higher animals, we have found that they seem to know how to practice ethics.For example, we have observed that ants and bees are selfless and united, camels are careful, monkeys know how to live in society, and elephants know how to obey their leaders.
Basic knowledge of ethicsHowever, these practices are instinctive. There is still nothing that indicates true ethics and morality. Because it has been said that ethics and morality are measures of behavior, and behavior must assume that there is a conscience.
Introduction to Ethics However, from such observations, we can conclude that the practice in accordance with ethics comes before consciousness. Therefore, if humans really evolved from animals, humans would have acted in accordance with ethical principles by instinct.
Introduction to Ethics
If one acts contraryly, it is a violation of ethics, and then one gradually realizes that such practice is in accordance with ethical principles. Therefore, it can be seen that the problem of the beginning of ethical awareness is a problem that is as difficult to decide as the problem of when humans begin to become human. We may say in broad terms that when humans begin to become human, they are already under the framework of certain traditions, which instincts have stimulated to be practiced until they become accustomed to, accumulated, and passed on to each other for a long time before becoming human.
Therefore, it can be said that the glimmer of conscience has begun to appear in higher animals. For example, the mother Pellican bird has a great selfless nature. When her young are still in the nest, she will diligently find food to feed her young. And if there is not enough food for her young one day, she will peck her own chest, making it bleed and arching her chest so that her young can suck blood from her chest to satisfy her hunger.
Media Ethics
By Emeritus Professor Sukanya Sudbantad Meaning of the word ethics Ethics comes from the Greek word ethos, which means personality or what good people do in order to have a good personality. But in general, ethics has a philosophical basis that concerns human decisions to choose between good and evil. The word morality comes from Latin, which means the way people behave.
Media Ethics By Emeritus Professor Sukanya Sudbantad
Therefore, morality means the traditions that society accepts or means the application of ethics in real life.
Basic knowledge of ethics
Ethics of online journalists (Online Journalist) 1. Must adhere to facts, accuracy, precision and completeness. 2. Present news for the benefit of the general public, without seeking personal or group benefits. 3. Present news without embellishing the content of the news, without expressing opinions. 4. Must refrain from presenting news because of bias or prejudice. 5. Presenting news from other media or other sources must state the source of the news, images or video clips. Ethics of online journalists (Online Journalist) 6. Presenting news that alludes may cause damage to other persons or organizations. The accused party must be given an opportunity to present the facts. 7. Presenting news, images, video clips, live streaming (LIVE) that is incorrect or violates others must be corrected immediately. 8. Presenting news must state the name and surname of the news provider, except for the safety of the source. 9. Presenting news or images must not violate the dignity of humanity, children, women and the disadvantaged. 10. Do not present news images, clips, videos, live streaming (LIVE) that are obscene, lewd, or shocking.
Basic knowledge about ethics
Social media and digital media professional ethics
1. Do not engage in any behavior that may damage the profession. 2. Do not boast or use your position to claim any rights or benefits. 3. Refrain from accepting valuable bribes. 4. Refrain from any benefits that may damage the profession. 5. Refrain from violating personal rights, except for the benefit of the public.
Basic Knowledge in Social Media
Steve Hill # Paul Lashmar. 2014. p.145 Media Social media has changed the rules of media and editors are like the gatekeepers of information. Readers are consumers of content.
The media are the producers of content. Editors are the ones who select content and control its quality. Social media users are living under different rules at different times.
From the research on the analysis of media satisfaction in reporting news information via online media, social media (Social Media) and digital media.
Kritika Noparat (2017) found that reporters believed that presenting false news and images was the most unethical and irresponsible act towards society, with 300 people, 75.0 percent. Next was stealing information from news sources, with 119 samples, 29.8 percent. Third, information was not neutral, with 118 samples, 29.50 percent. Attacking news sources, with 71 samples, 17.80 percent.Horrifying news and images, with 68 samples, 17.00 percent. Exposing off-record information, with 41 samples, 10.30 percent. Exposing information affecting international relations, with 36 samples, 9.00 percent. Exposing stock insights, with 29 samples, 7.30 percent. Others, with 12 samples, 3.00 percent.

JAN 21, 2025 140-371

Ethics is equivalent to the English word "Ethics", which means the science of morality, moral principles, rules of conduct and behavior. Ethics is a subject that deals with goodness, evil, rightness, wrongness, what should be avoided, what should be done, meaning The science of morals; the principles of morality; rules of conduct

Ethics,Importance Meaning and Scope of Ethics By Emeritus Professor Sukanya Sudbantad

1.Basic Thought, Freedom and Ethics 1.1 Meaning The word ethics or ethics comes from the Greek word ethos, which means personality or what good people do in order to have a good personality. But in general, ethics has a philosophical basis that concerns human decision-making between good and evil. The word morality comes from Latin, meaning human behavior.

Emeritus Professor Sukanya SudbantadTherefore, morality means the traditions that society accepts or means the application of ethics in real life. Black Steele and Barney said that the word ethics comes from the Greek word ethos, which means the characteristics of a person or the characteristics of his actions that make him a good person. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with moral thinking or thinking about moral problems or making moral judgments. It deals with what "must be done" (because it is a duty) or "should be done".

Western thinkers Blasey and Chadwick cite Jonathan Glover who states that ethical principles are like scientific theories, not something that can be enforced by an authority, but something that can be discovered by human reasoning and experience, a process that is continuous,

Ethics, Importance Meaning and Scope of Ethics

Therefore, ethics is a matter of thinking and consciousness of each person in order to consider and decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. And what is generally accepted is that such decisions must be based on reason and experience. No decision is fixed. People's decisions do not have to be the same, but they can exchange experiences in a transparent and explainable process.

( Andrew Belsey & Ruth Chadwick, Ethical Issues in Journalism and the Media, London and New York,1992, p.10) Ethics is related to the brain and heart, which are deep inside because the answer about right and wrong also reflects from the heart. Therefore, there is a saying that the spirit of the media, which is not a word created in the air but is a word that reflects the greatness of human beings that is higher than any other living beings because of the ability to think morally. (Reference: Andrew Belsey & Ruth Chadwick, Ethical Issues in Journalism and the Media, London and New York, 1992, p.10)

Ethics, Importance Ethical Principles, Media Ethics

What are our obligations to our fellow human beings? What should we do to make the world a better place? This is what we call “Doing Ethics”. It is the art and skill of thinking rationally, with principles, and with consistency that is not easily distorted.

Psychoanalytic Decision Tree Dr. Ralph Potter has written a decision tree. It is a psychoanalytic diagram with 4 dimensions. This decision system starts with finding initial evidence, then creating a model that connects the points in the system together, indicating what the situation is (Situation) that occurs, what values ??(values) will be used to make a decision, then choosing one principle (principles) and choosing who we will do it for (loyalties). Then choose one principle and choose who you are loyal to.

Analytical Decision Tree in Psychology : Logical Value is tied to the use of reason, rationality : Sociocultural Value is tied to society, culture, traditions and customs of society : Moral Value is tied to the belief in morality, rightness and wrongness that society can accept : Moral Value is tied to the belief in morality, rightness and wrongness that society can accept

Ethics of Online Journalists 1. Must adhere to facts, correctness, accuracy and completeness. 2. Present news for the benefit of the general public, without seeking personal or group benefits. 3. Present news without embellishing the content of the news, without expressing opinions. 4. Must refrain from presenting news due to bias or prejudice. 5. Presenting news from other media or other sources must indicate the source of the news, images or video clips. 6. The presentation of news that may cause damage to other persons or organizations must give the accused an opportunity to present the facts. 7. The presentation of news information, images, clips, videos, live streaming (LIVE) that is incorrect or violates other persons must be corrected immediately. 8. The presentation of news information must state the name and surname of the news provider, except for the safety of the news source. 9. The presentation of news or images must not violate the dignity of humanity, children, women, and the disadvantaged. 10. Do not present news images, clips, videos, live streaming (LIVE) that are obscene, pornographic, or horrifying.

Social Media Professional Ethics, Digital Media 1. Do not engage in any actions that may damage the profession. 2. Do not boast or use your position to claim any rights or benefits. 3. Refrain from accepting valuable bribes. 4. Refrain from any benefits that may damage the profession. 5. Refrain from violating personal rights, except for the benefit of the public.

From the research on the analysis of media satisfaction in reporting news information via online media, social media (Social Media) and digital media, Kritika Noparat (2017) found that reporters believed that presenting false news and images was the most unethical and irresponsible act towards society, with 300 people, 75.0 percent. Next was stealing information from news sources, with 119 samples, 29.8 percent. Third, information was not neutral, with 118 samples, 29.50 percent. Attacking news sources, with 71 samples, 17.80 percent.Horrifying news and images, with 68 samples, 17.00 percent. Exposing off-record information, with 41 samples, 10.30 percent. Exposing information affecting international relations, with 36 samples, 9.00 percent. Exposing stock insights, with 29 samples, 7.30 percent. Others, with 12 samples, 3.00 percent.

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JAN TUESDAY 28, 2025 III

The importance of ethics and professional ethics in media

Important ethicists include:

Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980)

Karl Jaspers (1853-1969)

Kierkegord (1813-1855)

Media ethicist named “Louis Alvin Day”

Emeritus Professor Sukanya Sudbantad: (1997-2025)

Media ethicist “Louis Alvin Day” of “Louisiana State University” has developed “The SAD Formula” to focus on creating important elements of critical thinking, which is a rational approach concept leading to decision-making that emphasizes careful analysis and evaluation. It consists of the following important steps (Day, 2006)

1. Situation Definition Description of facts Identifying Principles and Values Describes ethical issues or questions.

2. Analysis 2.1 Evaluating or weighing competing values ​​and principles that are apparent in the situation. 2.2 Considering external factors. 2.3 Examining duties to various groups related to moral duties or loyalty using The Potter’s Box. Loyalty to self Loyalty to others in the same profession Loyalty to the public 2.4 Discussing ethical theories that can be applied.

3. Decision Representing the decision of a moral agent. The claim of the decision based on an ethical theory.

Morality may refer to religious principles. Or it may mean the principle of goodness that humans have created, such as Plato mentioned the 4 principles of Dharma that humans should practice towards other humans as follows:

A. Prudence

B. Temperance

C. Courage

D. Justice

Or the principle of humanism, namely: A. Human rights

B. Right to Freedom

Emeritus Professor Sukanlaya Sudbantrad said, “In the future, media ethics will have 2 lines of ethics: conservative, which is a philosophy that has been practiced for a long time, emphasizing freedom and honesty, which is disappearing. Some people still exist. At the same time, in the online world, there will be people demanding to do things about the online world, where each network must create its own rules and ethics, which may be the same or different because society in the future will be divided into sub-categories. It is called perspective ethics, which is a diverse perspective. It does not have to be the same. Each network has the same position to respond to the intentions of each person, but there may be ethics that go together. Professionals still have to exist, but the growth of the network creates minor ethics.”

Even though there will be many changes in the future But one thing that networks must look at is morality, to create ethics in online networks, to create good networks with morality, to create citizens who understand and can live together happily. Source: Isranews Agency | Isranews Agency

Benefits of studying ethics

Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is an ethical perspective that uses benefits as a criterion for judging right and wrong. That is, actions that create the most benefits for the greatest number of people are considered good actions (Royal Institute, 1997: 101).

Utilitarianism is an ethics that emphasizes the end (Ends Ethics), so it considers the right and wrong of actions from the results of the actions without considering the actions themselves, regardless of whether the actions are intentionally good or not. The essence of utilitarianism is that happiness is the best thing for humans. Therefore, happiness is the deciding factor for whether an action is good or bad, should or should not be done, right or wrong. If an action that is done creates more benefits and happiness, it is considered better and should be done more.

Utilitarianism here does not mean the benefits of any one party, but rather the benefits of all parties involved according to the "Principle of Great Happiness", which states "the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people."

However, the harm or suffering that will occur must also be taken into account. The suffering or harm that occurs must not be greater than the benefits received. In some cases where a choice must be made, since all choices cause suffering, the action that causes less suffering should be considered the action that provides More happiness than other options

Existentialism has important principles that are the heart of this school of philosophy.

First, it focuses on the state of human existence, which is the existence of each person or individual. Each human being is the one who chooses and creates himself as he wants. Nothing has power over the individual's self.

Second, the rejection of scientific knowledge and methods, believing that scientific knowledge reduces the importance of human existence to focus only on objects, nature and things around him. The advancement of science and technology has made human society more complex. And this complexity pulls humans away from themselves, losing themselves.

Ethical values

Hedonism This school holds the view that happiness is the best thing that humans should seek. It is the only thing that has value in itself. If there is something else that is good or valuable, that goodness or value does not exist in itself. But that goodness or value lies in how it leads us to happiness.

The true happiness of life is the benefits for ourselves that we should gain in every aspect. Fame, honor, wealth, power are things that are desirable while we are alive. Ethical values ​​are something that humans define. They are not fixed. They are relative, meaning they change with time, situation, and environment. Humans themselves are the ones who judge their own actions based on their satisfaction. Ethicists in this school, such as:

Ethical values, which mean the words good, bad, right, wrong, should, should not, do they really exist or not? They can be defined. How can humans access these natures? The issue of "ideals, which are the highest goal of life or the most valuable thing in life that humans should seek", varies according to the understanding of ethical thinkers and is still a matter of debate. Some schools of thought hold that happiness, satisfaction, wisdom or knowledge, or perfection are the highest ideals, the best and worth seeking.

Ethical standards

Therefore, humans should return to themselves, that is, to realize freedom, which is the essence of human beings.

The ideas of this group of ethicists have a modern view, which is the view that humans have complete freedom, independence, and are the ones who choose to do things for themselves.

Humans are the ones who create goodness, and this creation does not have any plans that must be followed. Humans are free and should do what they want to do. There are no fixed criteria. To decide what is right or wrong, good or bad (Wit Wisutthawet, 1988:146)

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FEB TUESDAY 4,2025, IIII

Mr. Chawarong Limpattanapani, President of the National Press Council, said that the meeting of the National Press Council Board resolved to approve the amended National Press Council Charter of 2016 to enable the work of the Council to meet the expectations of society, emphasizing self-regulation for greater efficiency by expanding the definition of “newspaper” to include online media to cover the changing media landscape.

As for measures for effective self-regulation of members, this charter requires members to sign a memorandum of understanding that sets out the members’ commitments to the National Press Council every 3 years. After signing the memorandum of understanding, members must not resign from their membership for the duration of the committee’s term or until the 3-year period has passed. In addition, the complaints consideration subcommittee has been upgraded to an ethics committee to facilitate faster and more proactive work. At the same time, the Newspaper Council supports member organizations to appoint an internal complaints consideration committee or (Media Ombudsman) so that if a complaint is received, member organizations can immediately and quickly consider it if they cannot reach an agreement with the complainant. The matter will then be brought to the Ethics Committee.

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Guidelines on the use of social media by the media in 2010

Due to the current situation, various media branches, including newspapers, radio broadcasting, television, and news websites, have utilized social media in terms of gathering news information, presenting and expressing opinions, or publishing the work of news organizations, which is used at the organizational, individual, and mixed levels in large amounts. Therefore, there should be guidelines for the use of social media by the media in a constructive manner.

The media professional organization has assigned the Information Technology Journalists Club and the Thai Journalists Association to coordinate the drafting of guidelines, with representatives from various professional organizations, including the National Press Council, the Thai Radio and Television News Professional Council, the Thai Journalists Association, the Thai Radio and Television Journalists Association, the Thai Webmasters Association, the Online News Producers Association, the Information Technology Journalists Association, academics in journalism, and experts in law and information technology, jointly drafting and listening to opinions from relevant parties. Therefore, the guidelines for the use of social media by the media are as follows:

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Section 1

General

Section 1 of this guideline:

'Social Media' means a communication channel via website and any application on any media that is connected to the Internet, through which users can communicate content, such as X/twitter.com, facebook.com, youtube.com, various weblogs.

'Media organizations' means members of the National Press Council and members of the Thai Radio and Television News Professionals Council.

'Media professionals' means newspaper professionals under the 1997 National Press Council Charter, news professionals, radio and television news professionals under the 2009 Thai Radio and Television News Professionals Council Charter, and other media professionals who accept this guideline. ..........

Section 2

Guidelines for the Use of Social Media by Media Organizations

2: Utilization of social media by media organizations to disseminate news and express opinions shall strictly adhere to the ethical framework of the media profession of the National Press Council and the Radio and Television News Professional Council of Thailand.

3: News presentation using social media by media organizations shall have the following principles for referring to the media organization: (1) Name of the media organization disseminating news and information (2) Details, symbols or abbreviations that represent the media organization (3) Technical measures confirming the status and existence of the media organization, including announcements to the public through the channels that the organization has available

4: The presentation of news and information by media organizations via social media shall comply with the ethical regulations, criteria and practices of the supervising organization as specified in Section One and shall not create hatred among people in society, nor incite violence that may lead to conflict and more severe damage to the nation

5: Media organizations shall respect and accept news and images produced by others via social media. Copying or imitating any text from social media shall be permitted by the owner of the text, as appropriate

In cases where it is necessary for the purpose of disseminating news and information or reporting news as a media organization, the source of the text and news shall be referenced, acknowledging the rights or copyrights of the organization or person who owns such information.

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FEB 11, 2025, V

Plato mentioned 4 virtues, which are the virtues that humans should practice towards other humans, as follows: 1. Prudence 2. Temperance 3. Courage 4. Justice

Sathien Pantharangsi said that journalists must have morality (abstinence) and virtue (practices) as a foundation for self-control. Ethical evolution is a process similar to governance. Ancient humans had authoritarian governance and had ideas that infringe on human freedom. Modern humans under liberal governance admire freedom.

The basic ideas of freedom include humans, life, freedom, and morality. 1. Humans are good people, have brains, and have good will in choosing. Deceiving oneself is a great evil. Humans are the end, not the middleman or the tool. 2. Life is an end in itself. The end of life is to create a good life in order to reach perfection, with good principles and not to destroy them. 3. Freedom is a basic human necessity. Anything that does not support freedom is not morality. Freedom allows humans to be responsible for themselves, and being responsible for themselves also allows them to be responsible for others. Humans must have freedom of choice. 4. Truth and Virtues: What is good is what is chosen with wisdom. .......................

From the research on the analysis of media satisfaction in reporting news information via online media, social media (Social Media) and digital media, Kritika Noparat (2017) found that reporters believed that presenting false news and images was the most unethical and irresponsible act towards society, with 300 people, 75.0 percent. Next was stealing information from news sources, with 119 samples, 29.8 percent. Third, information was not neutral, with 118 samples, 29.50 percent. Attacking news sources, with 71 samples, 17.80 percent.Horrifying news and images, with 68 samples, 17.00 percent. Exposing off-record information, with 41 samples, 10.30 percent. Exposing information affecting international relations, with 36 samples, 9.00 percent. Exposing stock insights, with 29 samples, 7.30 percent. Others, with 12 samples, 3.00 percent.

Steve Hill # Paul Lashmar. 2014. p.145 Social media has changed the rules of mass media and editors as the gatekeepers of information. Readers are consumers of content, media are producers of content, editors are content curators and quality controllers. Social media users are live.

Social Responsibility

Social Responsibility Theory: The media must be socially responsible, whether it is newspapers, online newspapers, online magazines, social media, digital media. Media owners and all types of mass media must show social responsibility and have ethics codes for the recipients, viewers, and media users.

Case example: The National Press Council warns Thairath for not censoring the bodies of the Paris bombers. Mrs. Ubonnadda Supawan, Vice President of the National Press Council, revealed that in the 10/2015 National Press Council meeting, the meeting resolved to write a warning letter to Thairath newspaper regarding the publication of images of the deceased in the bombing incident in France, and Daily News newspaper regarding the publication of images of patients in hospitals, because both actions violate human rights, human values, and patients’ rights.

Thairath newspaper published uncensored images of the deceased from the bombings in France in its Sunday edition of November 15, 2015. Publishing such images is a violation of human rights and human values, and the Newspaper Council of Thailand had previously sent a letter requesting cooperation in refraining from publishing images of the deceased. Therefore, the Newspaper Council of Thailand has sent another warning letter to Thairath newspaper.

Case example: The National Press Council warns Daily News for showing pictures of 'Por' who is sick In the case of Daily News newspaper publishing pictures of Mr. Thrisadee Sahawong, an actor who is critically ill with dengue fever, and is hospitalized in the edition of Wednesday, November 11, 2015, which is a violation of the rights of patients. Previously, on September 24, 2015, the National Press Council sent a letter requesting cooperation from member organizations of the National Press Council to refrain from publishing pictures of patients in hospital. Therefore, the National Press Council sent a warning letter to Daily News again. National Press Council http://www.presscouncil.or.th/

While mainstream media, traditional newspapers have presented news images that violate human rights, human values, and patients' rights, the National Press Council, which is the center of professional media, has issued measures to control the media itself. However, the problem that has followed the current media is that in addition to mainstream media, there are also online media, social media, digital media, images that violate the rights of other people or public figures, artists, celebrities, and famous people have appeared in other media in the media company's network, such as online newspapers, online magazines, news websites, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.

Andy Bull. 2016, p.37 One story presented in print media, websites, and videos, we can create video packages and audio packages. Reporting messages connect both media and are an opportunity for the recipients to vote, express opinions, talk, connect, and communicate in two ways.

Therefore, defamation, violating others, causing damage to others, has occurred more easily because the world of communication is connected by Internet technology. Therefore, the presentation of information, content, images, clips, videos from old media have also been presented in new media, resulting in a lot of imitation in the media industry.

Or in the case of social media leaders For example, Facebook has encountered problems with users using Facebook to live-stream suicides, violent incidents, and obscene images. As a result, Facebook has set up a team of 3,000 people to monitor groups that use hate speech and suicide groups. All types of media must also be held responsible to society.

Nowadays, the influence of online media and social media plays a significant role in society, the economy, politics, and local culture. Pol. Maj. Gen. Prasert Chalermwuttisak, Secretary-General of the Consumer Protection Board, said that nowadays, it is not just working adults who use the internet, but also all ages who access the internet. When perception is free, being mindful and carefully considering information is the most important thing.

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FEB 18, 2025 VI

Ethics of Online Journalists

1. Must adhere to facts, correctness, accuracy and completeness. 2. Present news for the benefit of the general public, without seeking personal or group benefits. 3. Present news without embellishing the content of the news, without expressing opinions. 4. Must refrain from presenting news due to bias or prejudice. 5. Presenting news from other media or other sources must indicate the source of the news, images or video clips.

6. The presentation of news that may cause damage to other persons or organizations must give the accused an opportunity to present the facts. 7. The presentation of news information, images, clips, videos, live streaming (LIVE) that is incorrect or violates other persons must be corrected immediately. 8. The presentation of news information must state the name and surname of the news provider, except for the safety of the news source. 9. The presentation of news or images must not violate the dignity of humanity, children, women, and the disadvantaged. 10. Do not present news images, clips, videos, live streaming (LIVE) that are obscene, pornographic, or horrifying.

Social Media Professional Ethics, Digital Media

1. Do not engage in any actions that may damage the profession. 2. Do not boast or use your position to claim any rights or benefits. 3. Refrain from accepting valuable bribes. 4. Refrain from any benefits that may damage the profession. 5. Refrain from violating personal rights, except for the benefit of the public.

From the research on the analysis of media satisfaction in reporting news information via online media, social media (Social Media) and digital media,

Kritika Noparat (2017) found that reporters believed that presenting false news and images was the most unethical and irresponsible act towards society, with 300 people, 75.0 percent.

Next was stealing information from news sources, with 119 samples, 29.8 percent.

Third, information was not neutral, with 118 samples, 29.50 percent.

Attacking news sources, with 71 samples, 17.80 percent.

Horrifying news and images, with 68 samples, 17.00 percent.

Exposing off-record information, with 41 samples, 10.30 percent.

Exposing information affecting international relations,

with 36 samples, 9.00 percent.

Exposing stock insights, with 29 samples, 7.30 percent.

Others, with 12 samples, 3.00 percent.

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FEB 25,2025

Concepts and organizations controlling media abroad and in Thailand

Professor Emeritus Pirongrong Ramasut Foreign regulatory bodies have the authority to oversee all platforms, including online, radio, television, and newspapers. The National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) only oversees radio and television media. The power lies with the Ministry of Digital Economy and Society.

Currently, there are social media, Social Media, and streaming (Live) content, images, and audio like television, causing some content to flow there. The difficulty is increased by how we will oversee digital platforms that broadcast and broadcast, collectively known as OTT (Over the T Global Platform

NBTC regulates media

The previous NBTC tried to limit OTT, but there was pressure from the international level, so they had to let go of this type of business, which is big and influential, and is what drives the global economy.

There are currently 2 types of problematic media content:

1. Content that is clearly illegal 2. Content that may not be illegal but is harmful, has negative effects, and may be unethical 1. Content that overthrows the democratic regime with the King as head of state 2. Content that conflicts with security, peace and order and good morals 3. Obscene media that seriously affects the mental and health deterioration of the public

The law related to the supervision of television content is Section 37 of the Broadcasting and Television Business Act B.E. 2551, which specifies 2-3 main matters.

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MARCH 11, 2025

Legal Concepts Law

Is an order or regulation of human behavior in society, which is determined by the authority to govern the country to be enforced on the general public. Anyone who violates it must be punished or enforced in some way.

Laws enacted in society come from different authorities, so they have different abilities and are ranked in order to know which laws are more or less important.

A high-ranking law can repeal a law of equal or lower rank, but cannot repeal a law of higher rank. There are two principles in the use of law: 1. The use of law in theory, which must consider the people, places, and times involved. 2. The use of law in practice, which is the use of law in everyday life, where it is difficult to find criteria and must be interpreted. Rights refer to power or benefits that are recognized and protected by law, but there may be some types of rights that are believed to exist but have not been recognized and protected.

Basic knowledge of the law

Framework or guidelines for controlling the behavior of members of society 1. Traditions are patterns of behavior of members of society. They may arise from repeated actions of many members of that society over a long period of time.

2. Morality is the human feeling and thought about what actions are right or wrong. Those who violate them may have their own minds affected.

3. Religious regulations: Each religion has regulations that the prophet or religious leader will set according to their beliefs, specifying behavior or practices for followers or followers to believe in and be able to force themselves to behave well and refrain from doing evil. Those who violate may suffer negative consequences for their own minds, both while they are acting in the future or even after they die. Some countries that accept traditions as law, such as countries that practice Islam.

Laws related to media

Rights and Duties of Journalists Freedom of Journalists

-Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA)

-Laws Relating to Defamation

-Laws Relating to Torts

-Laws Relating to Consumer Protection Food, Drugs and Others Related to Advertising Consumer Protection Laws

-Copyright and the media

-Copyright Act B.E. 2537

-Copyrighted works

-Acquisition of copyright

-Copyright protection

-Computer Act

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MARCH 18, 2025

Rights and Freedoms of Journalists

Rights mean powers or benefits that are guaranteed and protected by law. But there may be some rights that are believed to exist but are not guaranteed and protected.

Freedom is the power of a person to decide for himself whether or not to do something that does not violate the law.

Duty means the legal obligation to bind a person to act or allow others to act in order to achieve the legitimate interests of others. Freedom means the power of people to decide for themselves whether to act or not to act in a way that does not violate the law.

Rights and Freedoms of JournalistsRight

Right to information seeking

Right to information sending = Public’s right to know

Freedom to information seeking

Freedom to information sending = Freedom of the press

Freedom from the perspective of Existentialism philosopher Jean Paul Sarte believes that human beings and freedom are inseparable, but freedom must be used responsibly (a view that reflects the media in Thai newspapers and magazines). Freedom is innate to human beings. Human beings are freedom. Expressing freedom without the accompanying responsibility is worthless.

Politics-Law, by Machiavelli, believes that the state is more important than the people, the security and progress of the state is above all else, the personal desires of individuals must submit to the interests of the state, political power must come in to supervise, humans have a tendency to lean towards evil (a view reflected in Thai radio and television media, digital media, social media), freedom is under the supervision of the state.

Section 47 Radio and Television Frequency (Fair Use) The radio frequency used for radio broadcasting, television broadcasting and telecommunications is a national communication resource. For the public benefit, there shall be an independent state agency responsible for allocating radio frequency according to paragraph one and regulating radio broadcasting, television broadcasting and telecommunications businesses.

Section 48 prohibits politicians from owning or holding shares in media organizations. A politician may not own a business or hold shares in a newspaper, radio, television or telecommunications business, whether in his own name or by having another person own the business or hold shares on his behalf. Or he may operate in other ways, directly or indirectly, that can manage such business in the same way as owning the business or holding shares in such business.

Freedom of the media

The 2007 Constitution states the following rights and freedoms of the mass media: 1. Abolish the power to order the closure of printing houses, radio and television stations (Section 45 and the Printing Notification Act B.E. 2007) 2. Abolish the censorship system for news and articles in all media (including film media) (Section 45) 3. Prevent the state from subsidizing private media (Sections 45 and 48) and prevent the state from interfering by providing money or other assets 4. Allow an independent state agency to oversee radio and television instead of the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (Section 47, currently the NBTC) 5. Protect the freedom of media professionals (Section 46) 6. The right to receive public information (Section 45 and the Information Act 1997) The media also has the right to receive public information or news in the possession of government agencies, state agencies, state enterprises or local government organizations 7. The right to receive information, explanations and reasons from state agencies before starting a project 8. The scope of information that is comprehensive and equal and takes into account the intentions of the people in that province Guaranteeing freedom of the press = Guaranteeing freedom of the people

The duties of the media towards the 2007 Constitution

1. Study the Constitution 2. Comply with it, do not violate the Constitution 3. Encourage the people to comply with it, do not violate the Constitution (The people still do not know and understand much about the rights and freedoms according to this Constitution, which the media must provide news and knowledge to the people)

Rights and freedoms of Thai people and the media under the constitution

Constitution, Article 4: “Human dignity, rights, freedoms and equality of persons shall be protected.” For example, the media has the right to criticize leaders, governments that protect ministers whose administration fails, leading to fraud or corruption in agencies, and have the freedom to present the facts that occur.

Constitution, Article 28: “A person may invoke human dignity or exercise his or her rights and freedoms as long as it does not violate the rights and freedoms of others, does not contradict the constitution or does not violate public morality. A person whose rights or freedoms guaranteed by the constitution have been violated may invoke the provisions of this constitution to exercise his or her rights in court or as a defense in court.”

For example, the use of media freedom must be used to protect public interests. The media will criticize the government’s administration in certain areas that are flawed and may cause damage to the country. This is considered a normal duty of reporting news or expressing opinions that the government should listen to and explain later. For example, the case of the soft power budget, giving

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MARCH 25, 2025/ XI

Personal Data Protection Act 2019

His Majesty King Maha Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun Granted On 24 May 2019, the 4th year of the present reign, His Majesty King Maha Vajiralongkorn Bodindradebayavarangkun has graciously proclaimed that

Whereas it is appropriate to have a law on the protection of personal data, This Act contains certain provisions on the restriction of the rights and freedoms of individuals,

which Section 26, together with Section 32, Section 33 and Section 37 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, stipulates that it can be done by virtue of the powers under the provisions of law.

The reasons and necessity for the restriction of the rights and freedoms of individuals under this Act are to effectively protect personal data and to provide effective measures to remedy personal data owners from violations of their rights in personal data. The enactment of this Act is in accordance with the conditions stipulated in Section 26 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand.

Her Majesty therefore graciously proclaims Enacted by the advice and consent of the National Legislative Assembly acting as the Parliament as follows:

Section 1 This Act shall be called the “Personal Data Protection Act B.E. 2562”

Section 2 This Act shall come into force from the day following the date of its publication in the Government Gazette onwards, except for the provisions in Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7 and the contents of Section 95 and Section 96 which shall come into force after the expiration of one year from the date of its publication in the Government Gazette onwards.

Section 3 In the event that there is a law that specifically provides for the protection of personal data in any manner, business or agency, the provisions of that law shall apply, except

(1) provisions regarding the collection, use or disclosure of personal data and provisions on the rights of personal data owners, including related penalties, shall apply in accordance with the provisions of this Act as an additional provision Whether or not it is the same as the provisions of the law on that matter

(2) The provisions on complaints, the provisions that empower the expert committee to issue orders to protect the owner of personal data and the provisions on the powers and duties of officials including the related penalty provisions shall be enforced in accordance with the provisions of this Act in the following cases: (a) In the case where the law on that matter does not contain provisions on complaints (b) In the case where the law on that matter contains provisions that empower officials with the authority to consider complaints under that law to issue orders to protect the owner of personal data but are not as sufficient as the power of the expert committee under this Act and the authorized officials under that law to request the expert committee or the owner of the damaged personal data to file a complaint with the expert committee under this Act, as the case may be.

Section 4 This Act shall not apply to:

(1) Collection, use or disclosure of personal data of a person who has collected personal data for personal benefit or for the activities of that person's family only.

(2) Actions of government agencies whose duties include maintaining national security, including fiscal security of the state or maintaining public security, including duties related to anti-money laundering, forensic science or maintaining cyber security.

(3) Persons or juristic persons who use or disclose personal data collected only for media activities, artistic works or literary works in accordance with professional ethics or for public benefit only.

(4) The House of Representatives, the Senate and the National Assembly, including committees appointed by such houses, which collect, use or disclose personal data in the consideration of the duties and powers of the House of Representatives, the Senate, the National Assembly or the committees, as the case may be.

(5) Court consideration and judgment of cases and actions of officials in the trial process, enforcement and placement of assets, including operations under the criminal justice process.

(6) Actions with data of credit information companies and members under the law on

Credit Information Business

Exemption from the application of all or some provisions of this Act to personal data controllers of any type, any business or any agency similar to the personal data controller under paragraph one or for any other public benefit shall be issued by Royal Decree.

Personal data controllers under paragraph one (2), (3), (4), (5) and (6) and personal data controllers of agencies exempted as specified in the Royal Decree under paragraph two must arrange for the maintenance of personal data security in accordance with the standards.

Section 5 This Act shall apply to the collection, use or disclosure of personal data by personal data controllers or personal data processors located in the Kingdom, regardless of whether the collection, use or disclosure is made within or outside the Kingdom.

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APRIL 1, 2025

Mass media and responsibility towards the monarchy, national security, religion, governance, justice Article 112 “Whoever defames, insults or expresses malice towards the King, the Queen, the Heir Apparent or the Regent shall be punished with imprisonment of 3-15 years.” .......... Article 133 “Whoever defames, insults or expresses malice towards the King, the Queen, the Heir Apparent or the head of state of a foreign country shall be punished with imprisonment of 1 to 7 years or a fine of 2,000 to 14,000 baht or both.” Article 134 “Whoever defames, insults or expresses malice towards a foreign representative who has been appointed to the Royal Palace shall be punished with imprisonment of 6 months to 5 years or a fine of 2,000 to 10,000 baht or both.” ....... Article 59 Elements of the Offence A. Defamation B. Insult An act of contempt, ridicule, embarrassment, humiliation, contempt or cursing. C. Showing malice, threatening by gesture or speech that it will cause damage in any way, whether it is danger to the body, property, rights, freedom. ......... Offenses against reputation, insulting State and religious security Offenses against reputation are offenses against honor, meaning the value of being a human being that is accepted. Offense of defamation Criminal Code, Sections 326 - 333 (8 Sections) ......... Section 326 Whoever defames another person to a third person in a manner that is likely to cause that other person to lose their reputation to be despised or hated, commits defamation and is liable to imprisonment not exceeding one year or a fine not exceeding twenty thousand baht, or both.

................ External elements 1. Defamation (affecting the reputation of a person to others) 2. Others (victim, defamed, injured party, plaintiff) 3. To a third party (a person who is aware of the defamation) 4. And the defamation is likely to damage the reputation of the other person, be despised or hated (causing the value or price to be lost or reduced)

............... Internal elements 1. Intentional action (consciousness, intention of the result, foreseeing the result) If it falls under the category of defamation, there must be both external elements 4 and internal elements 1. Considering all the text that appears in the plaintiff's complaint, only one part cannot be taken into consideration. ............. Defamation of the deceased is considered to be an offense of defamation. Section 327 Whoever defames the deceased to a third party and the defamation is likely to cause the father, mother, spouse, or child of the deceased to lose their reputation, be despised or hated, is guilty of defamation. He shall be punished as provided in Section 326. ................

Advertisement Defamation

Section 328 If the offense of defamation is committed by advertising with documents, drawings, paintings, films, images or letters made to appear by any means, a record or other sound recording, by broadcasting, or by making an announcement by any other means, the perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding two years or a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand baht, or both.

................ This section is a reason to increase the penalty if the media commits the offense of defamation because of the advertisement of defamation, the penalty is therefore severe than Section 326. The law considers that expressing an opinion honestly is not guilty of defamation. Section 329 Whoever expresses an opinion or any message honestly ............ 1. For the sake of legitimacy, self-defense or protection of one's own interests according to the law 2. As an official performing his duties 3. Criticizing fairly, which is within the public's capacity 4. In reporting news fairly about an action that is open in court or in a meeting, that person is not guilty of defamation.

.............. Defamation without punishment Section 330 In the case of defamation, if the accused can prove that the defamation charge is true, he will not be punished. However, he is prohibited from proving it if the defamation charge is a personal slander and the proof will not be beneficial to the public.

............... If it is proven true, he will not be punished, but he is still considered guilty. The more true it is, the more defamatory it is. Personal matters, not related to work, It is beneficial to the public. The public benefits from speaking or writing after learning about the incident.

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Defamation is a compoundable offense. Section 333 Offenses in this category are compoundable offenses. Because defamation is a personal offense. If the parties can understand each other and accept each other's faults, it will bring understanding and peace to society. Because personal offenses can be withdrawn or compromised at any time before the case is final.

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Limitation period for defamation Section 96 is three months from the date on which the injured party learns of the offense and knows the perpetrator. Combining both The offense of defamation, contempt or showing malice to the King, the Queen, the Heir Apparent and the Regent

1 Violation of privacy The media intervenes in the private life of others without any boundaries, especially stories about sexual relationships and gossip about public figures. Contempt of court power When the court orders but does not follow, does not respect the court's decision.

Contempt is in the Civil and Commercial Code, Sections 420-452. Section 420 Main Section, Main Section Civil = About private rights

Section 420 Whoever intentionally or negligently does something to another person Unlawfully causing damage to his life, body, health, freedom, property or any right, is said to have committed a tort and must pay compensation for that.

Who = the tortfeasor, the person who caused damage to another person, the defendant Other person = the person who was violated, the injured person, the plaintiff You = the court, the judge

3 Liability for tort consists of 4 important points: 1. Acted illegally 2. Acted intentionally or negligently 3. Causing damage to other persons 4. And the damage is a result of the act of the tortfeasor The more true, the more infringing Curiosity and prying 4 The media can exercise their freedom as long as it does not violate the freedom of others Difference between intention, willfulness, negligence Intention = Intended to a specific result Intended = Not intended to a specific result, but knowing that damage will occur Neglect = Not intended to a specific result, not knowing or not knowing that damage will occur

5 Acting honestly The law presumes that all persons acted honestly. Arresting an innocent person and putting him in jail is more damaging than letting the guilty go free. The media must exercise due care in using language. Suspect = The police suspect that he may have committed a crime and call him in for questioning. Accused = The police have charged him with a crime. Convicted (offender) = The court has found him guilty.

6 Intentionally or negligently, whether acting or refraining from acting, if it causes damage to others, is considered illegal. Publishing or disseminating news that violates the truth

Section 423 Whoever makes or disseminates news that is contrary to the truth, is damaging to the reputation or honor of another person, or is damaging to his earnings or prosperity in any other way, he shall be liable to pay compensation to him for any damage resulting from such action, even if he did not know that the statement was untrue but should have known.

7 Section 423 separately stipulates the criteria: 1. Whoever makes or disseminates news 2. which is contrary to the truth 3. is damaging to another person 4. even if he did not know that the statement was untrue but should have known 5. Exceptions to liability The media commits an offense of violating the personal rights of another person, is guilty of both Sections 420 and 423.

8 Compensation for violation The Court has the power to decide as appropriate to the circumstances.

Section 438 The compensation to be paid in what manner and to what extent The Court shall decide as appropriate to the circumstances and the seriousness of the tort. Moreover, compensation shall include the return of property that the injured party has lost due to the tort or the value of that property including damages that may be enforced for any damages that have been caused.

The intention of using compensation is to restore the damage In the case of a tort to the original state as if the tort had not occurred The injured party requests the court to order that person to restore his reputation Section 447 Any person who has damaged his reputation, when the injured party requests the court, may order that person to take appropriate action to restore that person's reputation instead of paying damages

10 Statute of limitations for tort Section 448 The right to claim for damages arising from a tort, It is said that the statute of limitations expires after one year from the day that the injured party knows of the tort and knows the person who must pay compensation or after ten years from the day the tort was committed Contempt of court In the case that the media advertises in violation of the provisions of that law

11 Contempt of court according to the Civil Procedure Code Section 32 Whoever is the author, editor or publisher of a newspaper or publication that advertises to the public, regardless of whether those persons know the content or The publication of such advertisement in a newspaper or publication or not shall be considered as an act of contempt of court in any of the following two cases:

(1) The court has ordered the prohibition of the publication of those matters, whether by means of merely ordering the consideration in secret or by means of expressly prohibiting the publication of those matters; (2) intended to influence the feelings of the public; or the court; or the parties; or the witnesses in the case; which is likely to cause the trial to be unfair; a. It is a misrepresentation of the facts of the case; b. It is an impartial and incorrect report or summary of the proceedings; 13; c. It is an unfair analysis; d. It is an inducement to produce false evidence; Exercise of the power of the court; Section 33 If any party or any person commits an offense of contempt of court, the court shall have the power to order punishment in one or both of the following ways: Expel from the court area or Imprisonment or fine or both

14 Juvenile and Family Court Establishment Act and Juvenile and Family Court Procedures 1992 It is prohibited to record, disseminate images or audio of children and youth who are accused of committing an offence, including stating the first name, last name, address, and educational institution of the child or youth. Reason: The law provides an opportunity for children and youth who are accused of committing an offence to improve themselves in order to become good adults in the future.

15 Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E. 2550 Section 35 The rights of individuals in the family Honor, reputation, and privacy shall be protected

16 Characteristics of violation of personal rights According to the court's consideration, there are 4 types: 1 Interference in personal activities 2 Disclosure of personal matters to the public 3 Dissemination of false news 4 Exploitation of personal matters without permission

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Exercise 1

1.What are the importance of ethics and media professional ethics?

(Answer 1.in line group/ 2.mail to: kritnop@siam.edu)

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Exercise 2

2.What are the online media and social media professional ethics? (Answer 1.in line group/ 2.mail to: kritnop@siam.edu)

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Exercise 3

3.What are the digital media professional ethics? (Answer in line group/ mail to: kritnop@siam.edu)

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Exercise 4

4.What are the concepts and meanings of laws related to new media?

(Answer in line group/ mail to: kritnop@siam.edu)

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Exercise 5

5.How is the Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA) beneficial to students?

(Answer in line group/ mail to: kritnop@siam.edu)

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